University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)
- June 1972
University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
- Master of Public Health (M.P.H.)
- June 1979
- Emphasis on Medical Administration, Epidemiology, Statistics, Aerospace Medicine, Population Protection Against Environmental Hazards, Toxicology, and Public Health
Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota
- Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)/Major: International Relations/Pre-Medical
- June 1968
U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas
- Residency Training in Aerospace Medicine
- Graduated 1980
Certified as a Specialist in Aerospace Medicine by the American Board of Preventive Medicine
- June 1980
Placed on the United Kingdom Specialist’s Register as a specialist in Aviation Medicine
- 2005
Fellow: American Academy of Family Physicians, Aerospace Medical Association, American College of Physician Executives
Academician: International Society of Aviation and Space Medicine
Licensed as a Physician in the State of Alaska, U.S.A.
Registered as a Physician in the United Kingdom